The Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee web site includes locations and contacts for local USDA/NRCS offices where soil information can be obtained. They are also preparing an updated version to the 1993 Alabama Handbook for Erosion Control, Sediment Control, and Stormwater Management on Construction Sites and Urban Areas.

http://www.swcc.state.al.us/

Both of these sites include many additional links to associated material.

Module 4: Regional rainfall conditions and site hydrology for construction site erosion evaluations

Alabama Rainfall Atlas:

http://bama.ua.edu/~rain/

TR-55 computer program (new windows beta version):

http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/water/quality/common/tr55/tr55-beta.html

TR-55 1986 documentation:

http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/water/quality/common/tr55/tr55.pdf

TR-20 computer program (new windows beta version):

http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/water/quality/common/tr20/tr20-beta.html

National Engineering Handbook, Part 630 HYDROLOGY

http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/water/quality/common/neh630/4content.html

US Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Management System User Guide (replacement for HEC-1):

http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/publications/pubs_distrib/hec-hms/user/user.html

US Army Corps of Engineers, River Analysis System User Guide for water surface profile calculations (replacement for HEC-2):

http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/publications/pubs_distrib/hec-ras/user/user.html

Module 5: Channel and slope stability for construction site erosion control

US Army Corps of Engineers Channel Stability Assessment Method Report: Engineering and Design - Channel Stability Assessment for Flood Control Projects, 1994:

http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/eng-manuals/em1110-2-1418/toc.htm

USDA Agricultural Handbook 667: Stability Design of Grass-Lined Open Channels, 1987:

http://www.pswcrl.ars.usda.gov/ah667/ah667.htm

North America Green downloadable program for slope and channel protection:

http://www.nagreen.com/

Module 6: Temporary sediment ponds for construction site erosion control

See chapters 4 and 5 for relevant links for these topics

Module 7: Vegetative practices for construction site erosion control

Commercial Seeds and Plants for Erosion Control:

Sod

www.Gardnerturf.com

www.Motzturffarms.com

www.turfgrasssod.com

www.usaturf.com

Hydroseeding

www.htpa.org

Seeded Blankets

Seed Suppliers

Module 8: Other controls

Polyacrylamide (PAM)

JRM Chemicals, Inc. (http://www.soilmoist.com/agerosion.html)

The University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension service (http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/water/g1356.htm)

HydroGrass Technologies (http://www.hydrograsstech.com/cleansing.php)

Proprietary Inlet Protection Devices

Nutec Supply:

http://www.nutec-supply.com/erosion/inlet/#post

Crow Company:

http://www.geosyntheticproducts.com/

EarthSaver Company:

http://www.earth-savers.com/index.html?Main%20Window=applictn.html

EPA discussion on inlet protection:

http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/wtrqlty.pdf

Abstracts for Selected References

Chen, Charng-Ning (Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc, New York, NY); Santomauro, Frank;Fisher, J. Bruce; Erosion Control System For Pipeline Construction Sites. Natl Symp on Urban Hydrol and Sediment Control, Proc, Jul 28-31 1975, Lexington, KY, USA, p 37-49. Source: Kentucky University, Office of Research and Engineering Services, Bulletin, n 109, Nov, 1975.

Abstract: The feasibility of implementing on-site erosion control measures on selected portions of the cross-county pipeline construction, proposed by the Columbia Gas Transmission Corporation, was investigated. The baseline erosion rates and the uncontrolled erosion rates from the disturbed sites, along 27 miles of the western portion and two miles of the eastern portion of the proposed pipeline route, have been estimated. Four sites representative of areas of potential severe erosion hazard were selected for detailed study. Preliminary erosion control plans for the selected sites suggest that it is impractical to limit the erosion rate from the construction sites to their baseline rates. Instead, optional criteria limiting the erosion from the construction site to either the target erosion rates suggested for the region or 1. 5 times the baseline rate of the particular site is recommended. Savings in the costs of the erosion control measures can be achieved if the scheduled construction period can be shifted from the summer season which coincides with the season of high rainfall-erosion potential.

Robinson, Lloyd R. Jr. (Yule, Jordan & Assoc, Camp Hill, Pa). Erosion Control During Pipeline Construction. Source: Kentucky University, Office of Research and Engineering Services, Bulletin, Jul 29-31 1974, p 175-182. Oct, 1974.

Abstract: On September 21, 1973 the Pennsylvania Environmental Quality Board adopted an Implementation Plan and Regulations Dealing with Erosion and Sedimentation Control which applies to all earthmoving activities in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Progress of construction and effectiveness of erosion control structures were monitored and pictorially recorded throughout the construction season. As evidenced by photographs and turbidity measurements, it was found that in most situations very little sediment left the site of pipeline construction. Straw bales placed across small streams and draws, at critical road crossings and where bodies of water were to be protected; judicious use of pipe trenches and roadside ditches as sediment traps; utilization of the roughness and porosity of construction in the right of way as a runoff retardant and vegetation alongside the right of way as a sediment filter provided satisfactory erosion control throughout the construction season.

Vahanne, Pasi. Urban erosion control in the Triangulo pilot study area Nacala city, Mozambique, Equatorial Africa. A multidisciplinary approach with specific emphasis on control of gully erosion by labour intensive construction work, 161, app. 13p ISSN: 1235-0621. Source: Publications - Technical Research Centre of Finland, n329, 1997.

Abstract: This study is a multidisciplinary approach to erosion control in urban areas with specific emphasis on control of gully erosion by labour intensive construction work. The study was executed in cooperation with another study, `Erosion control by vegetative measures'. Both studies were executed in the Triangulo pilot study area in Nacala, Mozambique. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic variables on the erosion processes affecting the coastal Pleistocene sand slopes of the city. Besides analysis of the erosion processes, also dealt with are conservative methods and protective measures aimed at preventing gully initiation and development and finally at restoration of the terrain. The study includes the following parts: field inventory, rainfall analysis, estimation of discharge and estimation of soil losses. Based on the estimations, a drainage and erosion control design is presented. Execution of the work during 1990-92 is briefly described and experiences gained so far are introduced. The research methods used are time-area, rational and Cook's method for the estimation of discharge, and the methods of Elwell and Poliakov and a volumetric method for estimation of soil losses. The state of erosion in the Triangulo pilot study area is fairly severe. The main type of erosion is rill and gully erosion, the total length of erosion channels being over 5,000 m. Intrinsic variables make the system highly susceptible to disturbances in the pilot study area. The impact of extrinsic variables in accelerating the erosion process has been considerable. Calculated soil losses are about 13,000 m3/a. Measured soil loss from the largest gullies is about 12,000 m3. Cook's method gave the lowest values for discharge, the results of the time-area method gave approximately the same values, and the rational method slightly higher values. The drainage and erosion control plan includes cut-off, discharge and collection ditches, as well as check dams, rock protections, weirs and other gabion structures. The general plan and design values are based on the hydrological data and erosion sensitivity of the soil. The possibility to use labour intensive work methods was also a main target. Construction work was executed simultaneously with vegetative measures. Other main measures were land-use planning, resettlement of people, extension work and participation of residents. Based on experience from the Triangulo pilot study area, the erosion control method to be used in Nacala should be a combination of vegetative measures, low cost construction and some heavy construction work. The role of vegetation is crucial and a resettlement component is also needed. The term `Land husbandry' can be applied to this type of combination of urban erosion control measures.

Roberts, Brian C. (Water Resource Consultants, Inc, Fairfax, USA); Developing erosion control plans for highway construction. Publisher: National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA ISSN: 0361-1981.Transportation Research Record, n1471, p 38-40, Dec, 1994.

Abstract: A recommended procedure for developing erosion control plans for highway construction is presented. These procedures can be found in Best Management Practices for Erosion and Sediment Control, an FHWA manual developed through the Federal Lands Highways Coordinated Technology Implementation Program. These recommendations result in part from recent legislative requirements under the Environmental Protection Agency's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System regulations. Erosion control plans are developed by following basic principles of erosion and sediment control. In addition, a three-phase approach based on construction stages is presented to guide the designer through the process. Finally, a brief overview of best management practices is presented.

Renninger, F. A.; Woolief, R. S.; Bradshaw, Paul J.; Laughlin, George R.; Childers, Fred A.; Nichols, Frank P.; Wilkerson, John M.; Mosley, Albert S.; Breen, Florence L. Jr.; Canup, Lewis; Laws, Edward P. Georgia Highway Conference, 23rd Annual, Proceedings, 1974. Atlanta, GA, USA, 121p Publisher: Ga Inst of Technol, Atlanta Source: Engineering Sciences Data Unit, Data Items, Ga Highw Conf, 23rd Annu, Proc, Pap, Mar 4-5 1974.

Abstract: Proceedings include 11 papers that deal with geological origin and physical characteristics of aggregates, job handling of aggregates, erosion control during construction, and urban design and construction. Following is a list of titles and authors of the papers presented: Geological Origin and Physical Characteristics of Aggregates. By F. A. Renninger. Job Handling of Aggregates Used in Portland Cement Concrete Paving Products. By R. S. Woolief. Job Handling of Aggregate Used in Asphaltic Concrete Paving Mixes. By Paul J. Bradshaw. Handling of Aggregates in Base Construction. By George R. Laughlin. Aggregate Control & Record Sampling. By Fred A Childers. Utilization of Aggregates. By Frank P. Nichols, Jr. End Result Specifications. By John M. Wilkerson. Urban Design & Construction. By Albert S. Mosely. Transportation Planning & Citizens Input. By Florence L. Breen, Jr. Erosion Control During Construction. By Lewis Canup. Right of Way Enhancement. By Edward P. Laws.

McEnroe, Bruce (Univ of Kansas, Lawrence, USA); Treff, Brian J. Temporary erosion control for highway construction in Kansas. Source: Proceedings of the Annual Water Resources Planning and Management Conference, 1998, Water Resources and the Urban Environment, Proceedings of the 1998 25th Annual Conference on Water Resources Planning and Management, Jun 7-10 1998, Chicago, IL, USA, p 722-727 Sponsored by: ASCE Publisher: ASCE, Reston, VA, USA, 1998.

Abstract: Field observations of temporary erosion-control measures on highway construction sites revealed some common problems. Most failures result from improper location, installation, or maintenance of the erosion-control measures. A training program for field personnel could alleviate most of the misunderstandings that lead to failures. Current specifications for temporary erosion control are satisfactory, but better compliance is needed. The timely use of temporary seeding would greatly reduce soil loss.

Long, Dejiang (Golder Associates Ltd, Calgary, Alberta, Can); Bender, Michael J.; Sawatsky, Les F.; Anderson, Paul; Metikosh, Serge. Sediment entrainment during construction of river pipeline crossings: Occurrence, prediction and control. Source: Proceedings of the International Pipeline Conference, IPC, v 2, 1998, Proceedings of the 1998 International Pipeline Conference, IPC. Part 2 (of 2), Jun 7-11 1998, Calgary, Can, p 1045-1050 Sponsored by: ASME Publisher: ASME, Fairfield, NJ, USA, 1998.

Abstract: Sediment entrainment in rivers caused by pipeline watercourse crossing construction may represent a constraint on pipeline route selection and construction methods as designers attempt to develop a sediment and erosion control plan which meets regulatory approval without risk of costly delays. To avoid the risk of significant sediment entrainment, conventional open-cut crossing techniques may be replaced by more costly directional drilling methods. However, the concern over suspended sediment is greatest in high velocity rivers where the bed material includes a large fraction of fine sand, and in rivers with a large fraction of fine grained bed material which becomes suspended upon disturbance by construction activities. According to the current understanding of aquatic impacts due to elevated suspended sediment levels, the occurrence of suspended sediment may not be excessive at open-cut excavation in certain types of streams depending on the material consistency, fine sand content and river flow velocity. Control of sand entrainment can normally be achieved by low cost sediment control systems during construction. Methods of prediction, impact assessment, and control of sediment entrainment have been developed so that high risk crossings can be identified and impacts minimized. The application of the study findings and best management practices (BMPs) for sediment control will allow developers to choose the most appropriate crossing method while avoiding potentially adverse impacts, based on a sound understanding of river sediment transport, bed material conditions and downstream aquatic resources.

Parker, Sandra C.; Stader, Thomas N. Use of GIS to predict erosion in construction. Parker, David G.; (Univ of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA); Source: International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings, v1, 1995, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Water Resources. Part 1 (of 2), Aug 14-18 1995, San Antonio, TX, USA, p 839-843 Sponsored by: ASCE Publisher: ASCE, New York, NY, USA, 1995.

Abstract: A graphic software system is designed and implemented to allow for the analysis of erosion potential on proposed highway construction sites. The system is based on Geographic Information System technology and allows for the consideration of erosion prevention products such as straw and other mulches as well as other types of cover products designed to prevent or minimize erosion from construction practices. The use of this system will allow for effective decisions concerning erosion control before construction has begun and erosion damage has already occurred.

McLain, John L., Anderson, Sheila B. (Resources Concepts Inc, Carson City, NV, USA). Successful Erosion Control Combines Engineering and Vegetation Expertise at the Ridge Tahoe, Nevada. Source: 1987, Erosion Control - You're Gambling Without It, Proceedings of Conference XVIII., Reno, NV, USA, p 33-37 Sponsored by: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Pinole, CA, USA Publisher: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Pinole, CA, USA, 1987.

Abstract: The Ridge Tahoe construction site was characterized by excessively steep slopes of decomposed granite. The major erosive forces resulted from intense summer thunder showers and spring runoff typical of the High Sierra Mountains. Initial construction at this site resulted in the removal of large expanses of native vegetation and disturbance of natural drainages leaving denuded slopes vulnerable to excessive erosion. Effective erosion control at the Ridge Tahoe was attributed to the combination and, more importantly, coordination of engineering and plant science. The erosion control plan was implemented during 1983 and 1984. Erosion control plans were phased in accordance with construction schedules. Following a two year vegetation establishment period, the site experienced a 25-year storm event. Implementation of the engineering and vegetation designs for erosion control resulted in little or no erosion of the site and confinement of any sedimentation within the property boundaries.

Neal, Wallace (Constr Specif Inst, Washington, DC). Specifying Erosion Control During Construction.; Source: Construction Specifier, v 29, n 1, p 26-30, 32, Jan, 1976.

Abstract: The author discusses what erosion does, what controls are needed, adequate specifications, and temporary control measures on erosion and sediment deposits during the construction phase.

Burton, Thomas M. (Mich State Univ, East Lansing);Turner, Ralph R.; Harriss, Robert C. Impact of Highway Construction on a North Florida Watershed. Source: Water Resources Bulletin, v 12, n 3, p 529-538, Jun, 1976.

Abstract: A 20 month study of some effects of highway construction on water quality was conducted during construction of Interstate 10 at Tallahassee, Florida. Highway construction resulted in significant increases in turbidity, suspended solids, total phosphorus, and dissolved silicon in downstream waters despite use of recommended procedures for erosion control. Highway construction did not result in significant increases in dissolved phosphorus or nitrogen.

Liverman, Earl (New York Power Authority, USA); Hecklau, John; Palmero, Christina. Minimization of Soil Erosion and Siltation During Construction of the Marcy-South 345kv Transmission Facilities. Source: 1987, Erosion Control - You're Gambling Without It, Proceedings of Conference XVIII., Reno, NV, USA, p 241-253 Sponsored by: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Pinole, CA, USA Publisher: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Pinole, CA, USA, 1987.

Abstract: A Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and Public Need was issued by the New York State Public Service Commission to the New York Power Authority for construction of the Marcy-South 345kV Transmission Facilities. This certificate required that an Environmental Management and Construction Plan be prepared for this project. Among requirements set forth in this plan are guidelines for the construction of nine types of access roads, four types of permanent stream crossings and numerous erosion and drainage control features, each designed to minimize disruption of the soil and water resources found along the right-to-way. If properly designed, installed and maintained, the access roads, permanent stream crossings, and erosion and drainage control features employed on this project will minimize soil erosion and siltation.

Martin, J. S. (Mirafi Inc, Charlotte, NC, USA). Use of Silt Fences for Control of Sediment Run-Off. Source: 1985, Erosion Control: A Challenge in Our Time, Proceedings of Conference XVI., San Francisco, CA, USA, p 79-84 Sponsored by: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Freedom, CA, USA Publisher: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Freedom, CA, USA, 1985.

Abstract: Construction activity can generate significance quantities of sediment even then the best erosion control practices are utilized. Traditional forms of sediment control such as hay and straw bale barriers often do not adequately control sediment produced under low flow conditions. Silt fence sediment control systems, however, have been field proven to provide a low cost, high efficiency means of retaining sediment from sheet flow construction site run-off. Silt fences are manmade vertical barriers composed of synthetic fabric and posts. This paper highlights the performance advantages of silt fences and provides easy guidelines for their installation and use.

Jones, Michael L. (Wash Public Power Supply Syst, Elma); Tatum, Clyde B. Sedimentation Control During Site Development. Source: American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Construction Division, v 106, n 1, Mar, p 17-28, 1980.

Abstract: WPPSS Nuclear Projects 3 and 5 are currently under construction in Western Washington State. Because of the difficult site topography and the stringent criteria applied to construction runoff, an extensive erosion control program was required for site development. The erosion control systems which were implemented are described, including both design criteria and configuration. Initial site development activities, along with early rainfall events and erosion problems are examined. Operational experience gained in achieving compliance with discharge criteria is then presented. Based on this experience, the writers conclude that systems to achieve compliance with permit criteria can be implemented; however the benefits do not appear to justify the large costs. In many instances, the water quality of the treated runoff exceeded that of the receiving water.

Anon. On-site grinding and recycling of home construction debris. Source: BioCycle, v41, n12, 2 pp Publisher: JG Press Inc, Emmaus, PA, USA ISSN: 0276-5055. Dec, 2000,

Abstract: Wood separated from home construction debris is reused in the form of chips for erosion control. Wallboards comprising of gypsum or calcium sulphate from the debris are capable of improving certain soils. On-site separation of the usable materials reduces a considerable amount of time and money needed for waste management. In view of increasing interest in green building, a waste management plan is suggested. x

Kaufman, Martin M. (Univ of Michigan-Flint, Flint, USA). Erosion control at construction sites: The science-policy gap; Source: Publisher: Springer-Verlag New York, New York, NY, USA ISSN: 0364-152X. Environmental Management, v26, n1, p 89-97 2000

Abstract: to test the effectiveness of Michigan's soil erosion control law, 30 construction sites were evaluated in the east-central part of the state. The analytical framework lumped nine best management practices (BMPs) most closely related to the law into three categories: slope stabilization, soil stabilization, and water management. All sites were in the land clearing or foundation/framing stage of construction and were evaluated within 2 days after a rainfall event. Only four of the sites performed above the mean of the scoring scale, with the categorical scoring of BMPs indicating the worst performance for slope stabilization measures. The poor results suggest a failure to integrate scientific knowledge of erosion control with policy. A fundamental problem is the lack of basic site data on soil, topography, and hydrology, resulting in the incorrect application of BMPs, such as staging, filter fences, and berms. The current institutional framework for soil erosion control also provides disincentives to mitigate local erosion problems.

Watson, Chester C. (Colo. State Univ, Ft. Collins, USA); Combs, Phil G.; Abt, Steven R.; Raphelt, Nolan K. Bioengineering stabilization of Harland Creek sites. Source: International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings, v2, 1995, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Water Resources. Part 2 (of 2), Aug 14-18 1995, San Antonio, TX, USA, p 1839-1843 Sponsored by: ASCE Publisher: ASCE, New York, NY, USA, 1995.

Abstract: Five sites along Harland Creek, a tributary to Black Creek in the Yazoo Basin of Mississippi, have been selected for construction of experimental bioengineered bank stabilization. Each site was selected to address different types of bank stabilization problems, and a combinations of six different bioengineering techniques will be used to stabilize these sites. Harland Creek is monitored as part of the Demonstration Erosion Control project (DEC), with stream gauging and with comparative field surveys. Although many sites have been stabilized using bioengineering, these sites will have a comprehensive monitoring and a review of conditions before and after construction.

Crafton, C. Scott (Soil & Water Conservation, Richmond, VA, USA). Performance Criteria for Erosion and Sediment Control. Source: , 1987, Erosion Control - You're Gambling Without It, Proceedings of Conference XVIII., Reno, NV, USA, p 39-47 Sponsored by: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Pinole, CA, USA Publisher: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Pinole, CA, USA, 1987.

Abstract: One of the dilemmas often faced by governmental officials when establishing erosion and sediment control regulatory programs is the nature of the standards set for measuring compliance. This paper discusses alternative types of criteria, standards, and specifications, suggesting strengths and weaknesses of the various types. Examples include water quality standards for suspended solids; sediment load reductions based on a modified Uniform Soil Loss Equation with a delivery ratio; construction standards and specifications; and performance standards. The discussion will support the establishment of common sense performance criteria which describe the minimum level of control that should be achieved in a number of activities fairly common among construction projects. Such criteria are management-oriented. A list of specific criteria will be recommended, including discussion of conceivable variables.

Richter, Brian D. (Taranto, Stanton & Tagge Consulting Engineers, Fort Collins, CO, USA). Erosion Control Improves Community Water Supply. Source: ISSN: 0033-3840. Public Works, v 118, n 1, p 80, 114, Jan, 1987.

Abstract: Urban construction activities can increase sediment loading rates as much as 40,000 times the rate that occurs from an undeveloped farm or woodland in an equivalent period of time. The Castle Pines and Castle Pines North Metropolitan districts have developed a comprehensive erosion control program for their communities, which is expected to effectively reduce erosion and sedimentation rates during construction activities by as much as 90 percent. The Metro Districts provide infrastructure construction and utility and drainage operations and maintenance services for these planned, mixed-use communities, which comprise an area of about 4,000 acres just south of Denver.

Burroughs, Edward R. Jr. (USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station, Moscow, ID, USA, Station, Moscow, ID, USA); King, John G. Surface Erosion Control on Roads in Granitic Soils. Source: , 1985, Watershed Management in the Eighties. Proceedings of the Symposium held in conjunction with the ASCE Convention., Denver, CO, USA, p 183-190 Sponsored by: ASCE, Committee on Watershed Management, New York, NY, USA; Soc for Range Management, Denver, CO, USA; ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, USA; American Water Resources Assoc, Bethesda, MD, USA Publisher: ASCE, New York, NY, USA, 1985 ISBN: 0-87262-449-8. 1985.

Abstract: The impact of forest road construction on water quality and fish habitat is a serious problem for engineers, hydrologists, and foresters. Control of surface erosion is an important and expensive item in forest road construction. But, erosion control is hampered by our limited ability to estimate sediment yield from forest roads and to evaluate the effectiveness of erosion control treatments. Simulated rainfall was used to generate runoff and sediment yield from forest roads and fillslopes built in granitic soils to test the effectiveness of various surfacing materials, mulches, and barriers as erosion control treatments. An empirical equation is presented and used to estimate the relative effectiveness of gravel, dust oil, and bituminous surface treatments in reducing sediment yield relative to that of an unsurfaced road.

Israelson, C. E. (Utah State Univ, Logan); Clyde, C. G.; Fletcher, J. E.; Israelsen, E. K.; Haws, F. W.; Packer, P. E.; Farmer, E. E. Erosion Control During Highway Construction Manual on Principles and Practices. Source: National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report, ISSN: 0077-5614. n 221, Apr, 1980.

Abstract: The principal output of the study described is a manual of erosion control principles and practices for use during highway design and construction. The manual focuses on techniques for predicting the erosion potential of highway construction sites, and for estimating the effectiveness of various erosion control measures. The universal soil loss equation, developed by the Agricultural Research Service, was modified and extended to serve as a basis for estimating water soil loss potentials. Nomographs were constructed and included in the manual for solving the equations, and the process illustrated by detailed examples.

Boysen, Stephen M. (USDA, Soil Conserv Serv, College Park, Md). Erosion and Sediment Control in Urbanizing Areas. Source: ASAE Publication, n 4-77, 1977, Proc of the Natl Symp on Soil Erosion and Sediment by Water, Dec 12-13 1977, Chicago, IL, USA, p 125-136 Publisher: ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich. 1977.

Abstract: The urban sediment control program in Maryland has caused a 60 to 80 percent reduction in construction site sediment yields between 1966 and 1974. The sediment control program, based on a set of basic principles, was developed and implemented beginning in Montgomery County in 1965. Technical principles for controlling erosion and sediment were also developed. The present state law requires that all development must have a sediment control plan approved by the soil conservation district before any construction begins. The sediment control plan, developed by the owner, shows the use of erosion control practices and sediment-trapping devices to control sediment losses to an acceptable level. A manual entitled, left double quote Standards and Specifications for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control in Developing Areas right double quote provides guidelines for developing plans and provides criteria for the design, review, approval, installation, maintenance, and inspection of erosion and sediment control practices. Storm-water management, for offsite channel erosion control, is also required on sediment control plans in certain problem areas.

Hunt, Daniel (Synthetic Industries, Inc, Chattanooga, USA); Austin, Deron N.; Agnew, William. Vegetation selection for rolled erosion control product. Source: Geotechnical Special Publication, n 76, 1998, Geosynthetics in Foundation Reinforcement and Erosion Control Systems, Proceedings of the 1998 Geo-Congress, Oct 18-21 1998, Boston, MA, USA, p 130-144 Sponsored by: ASCE Publisher: ASCE, Reston, VA, USA, 1998 ISSN: 0895-0563. 1998.

Abstract: Temporary erosion control blanket on a slope or a turf reinforcement mat for long term protection in a high channel flow are solutions when revegetating construction sites. In these regard, issues to assist engineers in the selection of these materials and in the establishment of vegetation for rolled erosion control products on construction sites are presented. Properly selected, specified and installed vegetation is paramount to successfully complimenting other best management practices to ensure that the long-term solution to slope and channel stability is not an aftersought.

Ristic, Ratko (Univ of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugosl); Macan, Grigorije. Impact of erosion control measures on runoff processes. Source: IAHS Publication (International Association of Hydrological Sciences), n 245, 1997, Symp 6: Human Impact on Erosion and Sedimentation, Proceedings of the 1997 5th Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, IAHS, Apr 23-May 3 1997, Rabat, Morocco, p 191-194 Publisher: IAHS Press, Wallingford, Engl, 1997 ISSN: 0144-7815. 1997.

Abstract: Water supplies in Serbia are based primarily on reservoir storage in protected areas. The reservoir catchments are located in hilly-mountainous regions in order to avoid the water quality problems associated with urbanization and agricultural production. One of the most important conditions for the continued effective use of such reservoirs is protection of their storage from sedimentation. Erosion problems are widespread in Serbia. 86% of the territory suffers from erosion processes of varying intensity and the total annual production of eroded material is ca. 40×106 m3 year-1. Erosion control is based on the construction of control structures on torrents and bio-technical works (afforestation of bare lands and restoration of degraded forests and pastures). There is currently a need for afforestation of 600 km2 of bare land in the catchment areas of reservoirs which are currently under construction or planned. Land use change (from bare land or degraded forest to stable forest), whilst providing erosion control, also has a significant influence on runoff processes through its influence on the hydrological cycle. The impact of anti-erosive afforestation on runoff processes has been studied in the experimental catchment M-III, located on the Goc mountain n central Serbia during the period 1980-1995.

Cabalka, Dwight (American Excelsior Co, Littleton, USA). Landfill cap erosion ... Severe conditions and dramatic solutions. Source: Public Works, v127, n10, p 32-34, Sep, 1996.

Abstract: Landfill operators risk severe damage to their landfills from stormwater runoff in both overland and channelized flow. This risk can be reduced with proactive design, construction, and maintenance practices. A variety of materials and installation methods have been developed to protect landfill caps from both water and wind erosion. The innovations available include articulating concrete block systems, turf reinforcement mats, erosion control blankets, and hydraulically-applied mulches. These alternatives need to be evaluated based on certain landfill features as they relate to erosion, including downchutes, perimeter channels, benches, cap side slopes, and the top of the cap.

Henensal, Pierre. La lutte contre l'erosion sur l'emprise routiere une contribution a la protection de l'environnement, Combating erosion of carriageway land: a contribution to the protection of the environment. Source: Bulletin de Liaison des Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussees, n201, Jan-Feb, 1996, p 17-28 Publisher: Lab Central des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, France ISSN: 0458-5860. 1996.

Abstract: Erosion poses a major threat to the environment in road construction, but the risk depends to a large extent on local conditions and the organization of the working sites. This article is in three parts. The first reviews the general principles of erosion control, namely the prevention or retarding of its occurrence, and the control of sedimentation so as to alleviate its harmful effects on the environment. The second part examines five groups of techniques for reducing the risk of erosion or reducing the amount of solid matter present in water flowing away from cultivated land, roadworks or engineering structures: measures designed to modify the physical and physico-chemical characteristics of soils; surface protection; embankment modulation; control of surface water; and special protective measures in particularly affected or sensitive zones. The third part comments on the practical aspects of selecting techniques best suited to the special conditions prevailing on site.

Williams, David T. (WEST Consultants, Inc, Carlsbad, USA); Austin, Deron N. PC-based design of channel protection using permanent geosynthetic reinforcement mattings. Source: International Water Resources Engineering Conference - Proceedings, v1, 1995, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Water Resources. Part 1 (of 2), Aug 14-18 1995, San Antonio, TX, USA, p 678-682 Sponsored by: ASCE Publisher: ASCE, New York, NY, USA, 1995.

Abstract: EC-DESIGN is a complete erosion control design package recently published by Synthetic Industries, Construction Products Division. This program allows the user to select the most appropriate synthetic erosion control materials for either his/her construction slope or channel application. This paper describes the procedures used for the hydraulic analyses and selection of a permanent geosynthetic matting as channel lining materials featured in EC-DESIGN.

Farrar, Jeffrey A. (Bur of Reclamation, Denver, USA). Bureau of Reclamation experience in testing of riprap for erosion control of embankment dams. Source: ASTM Special Technical Publication, n 1177, 1993, Symposium on Rock for Erosion Control, Jun 18 1992, Louisville, KY, USA, p 3-14 Sponsored by: ASTM Publisher: Publ by ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, USA, ISSN: 0066-0558. 1993.

Abstract: The Bureau of Reclamation has accumulated significant experience with the use of riprap for erosion control of embankment dams through its history as a major water resources design and construction agency for irrigation projects in the seventeen western states. Successful exploration, design, testing, and construction methodologies have been developed through experience. Exploration and design aspects are well documented in a series of technical manuals and design standards. Riprap quality evaluations depend heavily on expert geologic and petrographic evaluations coupled with physical properties and freeze thaw testing of rock specimens. Quality evaluation methodologies were heavily influenced by concrete technology testing resulting in the use of 75 mm (3 in) cube specimens for freeze thaw testing. Physical properties tests are performed on crushed coarse aggregate gradations. Reclamation has an available database of almost 1000 quality evaluations. Field placement, control test procedures, and riprap performance studies are reviewed.

Powell, William (U.S. Dep of Agriculture, Portland, USA); Keller, Gordon R.; Brunette, Bruce. Applications for geosynthetics on forest service low-volume roads. Source: Transportation Research Record, v 2, n 1652, 1999, Proceedings of the 1999 7th International Conference on Low-Volume Roads, May 23-May 26 1999, Baton Rouge, LA, USA, p 113-120 Publisher: National Research Council, Washington, DC, USA ISSN: 0361-1981. 1999.

Abstract: Today's geosynthetic products have many useful, creative, and cost-effective applications for rural, low-volume roads. In the management of almost a half-million km (quarter-million mi) of low-volume roads, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (USFS), has developed and adopted many uses for geosynthetics. An overview is presented of many of those uses and their advantages. The USFS gained much of its experience and practice with geosynthetics while constructing a wide variety of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining walls, including geotextile, timber, modular-block, and tire-faced structures, and reinforced soil slopes. More recently, the USFS has used geosynthetics for MSE bridge abutments and Deep Patch road-shoulder reinforcement. Other typical geosynthetic applications include filtration, drainage, subgrade reinforcement, and erosion control.

Wills, P. (Netlon Ltd). Use of geosynthetics in the A5 Fazeley bypass. Source: Highways and Transportation, v42, n7-8, July-Aug, 1995, 3p Publisher: Institution Of Highway and Transportation, London, Engl ISSN: 0265-6868. 1995.

Abstract: The construction problems of the A5 Fazeley Bypass in Staffordshire, including erosion control, waste containment, subgrade reinforcement, and temporary works designs, were surmounted by the use of geosynthetics. The choice of the geosynthetic materials to be used may be influenced by several factors such as speed of construction, convenience, tighter quality control, and cost benefits. The complex highway scheme has been able to demonstrate the many simple and innovative ways that today's geosynthetic products can assist the design engineer.

Fifield, Jerald S. (HydroDynamics Inc, Parker, CO, USA). Erosion Control Measures - Are They Effective? Source: 1986, Erosion Control: Protecting Our Future - Proceedings of Conference XVII, International Erosion Control Association., Dallas, TX, USA, p 19-35 Sponsored by: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Freedom, CA, USA Publisher: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Freedom, CA, USA, 1986.

Abstract: Various methods exist to control erosion from construction sites such as use of straw bales, construction of sediment basins, mulching, establishment of vegetation, and so forth. However, planners, hydrologists and engineers often do not have a method for evaluating the effectiveness of measures being implemented. Part of the above problem lies with the fact that all soils do not erode at the same rate, thus making an evaluation for the effectiveness of erosion control measures more difficult. To overcome such problems in the Parker, Colorado area, a Land Disturbance Hazard Map (LDHM) has been developed to assist developers, planners, hydrologists and engineers. The LDHM identifies three land zones (slight, moderate or severe) with each zone having an erosion control performance standard that must be met during development.

Ciarla, Massimo (Terra Aqua Inc, Reno, NV, USA). Gabion Weirs in Water Erosion Control Projects Design and Construction Criteria. Source: , 1985, Erosion Control: A Challenge in Our Time, Proceedings of Conference XVI., San Francisco, CA, USA, p 85-103 Sponsored by: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Freedom, CA, USA Publisher: Int Erosion Control Assoc, Freedom, CA, USA, 1985.

Abstract: Gabion weirs have been used as an effective solution in many water erosion control projects and in soil stabilization and landslide control works. The gabion, a rectangular wire mesh basket filled with stone, is the 'basic building block'. These blocks, wired together in layers, form gabion structures that are flexible and permeable. This paper describes gabion weirs both in regard to their use in gradient control of watercourses, soil consolidation, landslide control, and check dams and in regard to the slope of their downstream face-vertical drop, stepped or sloped.

Robison, Rita. Engineering With Fabric. Source: Civil Engineering (New York), ISSN: 0009-7853, v 55, n 12, p 52-55, Dec, 1985.

Abstract: In 1984, use of fabrics to stabilize soil moved ahead of primary road reinforcement, in terms of yardage, for the first time. Stabilization includes dams, embankments, retaining walls, and support for parking lots, driveways and airports. Other end use categories are secondary roads, drainage erosion control, railroads. Use of the fabric reinforcement permitted construction of the embankment directly on the unstable bottom, preventing rotational and/or wedge type failure and excessive vertical displacement. The fabric provided the friction and strength necessary to prevent lateral sliding, dissipated foundation pore pressures and separated the fill from the underlying muck.

Israelsen, C. E. (Utah State Univ, Logan); Clyde, C. G.; Fletcher, J. E.; Israelsen, E. K.; Haws, F. W.; Packer, P. E.; Farmer, E. E. Erosion Control During Highway Construction. Research Report. Source: National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report, ISSN: 0077-5614, n 220, 36p, Apr, 1980.

Abstract: The report presents a review of the literature and describes the adaptation of the universal soil loss equation, originally developed by the Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, for estimating the water erosion potential and the effectiveness of erosion control measures on highway construction sites. An equation for estimating wind soil loss potentials is also included.

Fluet, Joseph E. Jr. (Ed. ) (GeoServices Inc Consulting Engineers, Boynton Beach, FL, USA) Geotextile Testing and the Design Engineer. Source: ASTM Special Technical Publication, 1987, Geotextile Testing and the Design Engineer., Los Angeles, CA, USA, 183p Sponsored by: ASTM, Committee D-35 on Geotextiles, Geomembranes, & Related Products, Philadelphia, PA, USA Publisher: ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1987 ISSN: 0066-0558. 1987.

Abstract: This symposium proceeding contains 11 papers. The topics discussed are: hydraulic properties of geotextiles; geotextiles and drainage; lateral drainage design using geotextiles/geocomposites; geotextiles as filters in erosion control; geotextile tension testing methods; soil reinforcement design using geotextile/geogrids; durability testing; geotextiles construction criteria; tests for geotextile characterization/evaluation; design for geotextile applications; ASTM geotextile committee testing update.

Reeves, Patrick J. (Boyle Engineering Corp, Fresno, CA, USA). After the Pipeline: An Ugly Scar or Natural Scene? Source: Preprints - ASCE Convention & Exposition, 1982, Preprints - 1982 ASCE National Convention., Las Vegas, NV, USA, 82-054, 13p Sponsored by: ASCE, New York, NY, USA Publisher: ASCE, New York, NY, USA, 1982.

Abstract: Disturbance to the environment as a result of pipeline installation can be easily overlooked when solving problems of conveying fluids via pipelines from one location to another. Items which might be neglected include changes in topography, loss of vegetation, and other significant esthetic considerations. Those responsible for the selection of pipeline alignments must effectively deal with more considerations as the general public becomes more sensitive to the needs of the environment in urban, rural, and isolated areas. The potential damage and cost required to rectify erosion problems to both project and adjacent lands should be weighed against the real cost of erosion control. A fair assessment of these costs includes: an on going maintenance; riparian flood damage; riparian flood or dust caused crop damage; reduction in land values; degradation of air and water quality. An allowance should be made for maintenance costs necessary to achieve regrowth to a self-sustaining level if an investment is made to restore the pipeline right-of-way.

Versteeg, J. H. (DOT, Salem, Oreg); Earley, John J. Erosion Control at a Delicate Highway Construction Site. Source: Public Works, ISSN: 0033-3840, v 113, n 3, p 82-83, Mar, 1982.

Abstract: The authors describe how stream planning of a road under construction in Oregon was protected from siltation, sedimentation and pollution during construction.

Lemly, A. Dennis (Wake For Univ, Winston-Salem, NC, USA). Erosion Control at Construction Sites on Red Clay Soils. Source: Environmental Management, ISSN: 0364-152X, v 6, n 4, p 343-352, Jul, 1982.

Abstract: Five single-treatment methods used to stabilize seeded areas at urban highway constructions were tested for their ability to control erosion of red clay soils by comparisons with exposed sites and multiple treatments. Reductions in the total sediment concentration of runoff ranged from 28 to 90 percent. Larger size fractions were effectively reduced by all treatments tested regardless of slope. Established grass cover exceeded 90 percent on all plots after 60 days, but sediment release remained similar. Results indicate that current stabilization methods shift sediment composition toward a smaller particle size, causing single treatments to be minimally effective for controlling erosion of the major component of red clay soils. A multiple-treatment approach offers significantly greater control of erosion on red clay soils.

Dillaha, T. A. III (Purdue Univ, Agricultural Engineering Dep, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA); Beasley, D. B. Distributed Parameter Modeling of Sediment Movement and Particle Size Distributions. Source: Transactions of the ASAE, ISSN: 0001-2351. v 26, n 6, p 1766-1772, 1777, Nov-Dec, 1983.

Abstract: A spatially descriptive erosion submodel for estimating the particle size distribution of eroded sediment from disturbed upland watersheds and construction sites has been developed and incorporated into the ANSWERS watershed model. Model validation is accomplished using data from field plot studies. The model's usefulness as an erosion control planning tool is demonstrated on a construction site in central Indiana. The model divides the watershed into a uniform grid of square planar elements. Within each element, the model describes the processes of interception, infiltration, surface storage, surface flow, subsurface drainage, and sediment detachment, transport and deposition. The continuity equation is then used to integrate the individual elemental responses into a system response that describes the watershed as a whole. The erosion process is limited to the overland flow regime.

Lindner, D. H. (Alberta Environment, Design & Construction Div, Edmonton, Alberta, Can). Application and Design Practice of Gabion Drop Structures in Alberta. Source: Proceedings - Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference, v 1, 1983, Proceedings - 6th Canadian Hydrotechnical Conference., Ottawa, Ont, Can, p 55-76 Sponsored by: Canadian Soc for Civil Engineering, Montreal, Que, Can Publisher: Canadian Soc for Civil Engineering, Montreal, Que, Can, 1983.

Reed, Lloyd A. Suspended-Sediment Discharge in Five Streams Near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Before, During, and After Highway Construction. Source: Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper (United States), ISSN: 0083-1131, n 2072, 42p, 1980.

Abstract: Rainfall, streamflow, sediment, and turbidity data were collected as part of a study to evaluate the effects of highway construction on suspended-sediment discharges in streams. The study was also designed to evaluate the effectiveness of different erosion-control measures in reducing sediment discharge.

Guy, Harold P. (US Geol Surv, Reston, Va). Diminution Ratios for Planning Construction-Area Sediment Controls. Source: Kentucky University, Office of Research and Engineering Services, Bulletin, n 111, Dec, 1976, Natl Symp on Urban Hydrol, Hydraul, and Sediment Control, Proc, Jul 27-29 1976, Lexington, KY, USA, p 91-97. 1976.

Abstract: Planning erosion-control programs to limit sediment concentration in streams where part of the drainage basin is a construction area requires knowledge of the ratio of construction-area to rural-area concentration and the relative construction area of the basin. The diminution ratio required to obtain a specific stream concentration can be computed on the basis of these construction- and rural-area concentrations determined from the universal soil loss equation. The diminution ratio is the product of the factors necessary to achieve a specific limit of average sediment concentration in the stream draining the basin. Included are the ratio of construction area to total area, factor, and the conservation practice factor. A map of the eastern United States was prepared showing diminution ratios.

Dallaire, Gene. Controlling Erosion and Sedimentation at Construction Sites. Source: Civil Engineering (New York), v 47, n 10, p 73-77, Oct, 1976.

Abstract: North Carolina is said to have one of the most progressive programs for controlling construction site erosion and sedimentation; and this article tells about some of the methods they are using. Among some of the things they suggest developers do: divert runoff water originating upstream from the construction site, so this water will not be flowing over bare-earth areas, eroding away soil; limit the area being graded on a site at any one time, so there won't be vast stretches of bare soil; limit the time any given area is laid bare; trap sediment-laden runoff in temporary or permanent basins, or filter the runoff by using silt fences, wood-chip barriers, or brush barriers.

Boysen, Stephen M. (Soil Conserv Serv, College Park, Md). Predicting Sediment Yield in Urban Areas. Source: Kentucky University, Office of Research and Engineering Services, Bulletin, , Jul 29-31 1974, p 199-203. Oct, 1974.

Abstract: Predicting sediment loss from urban construction sites is an important aspect in the planning and enforcement phases of a sediment control program. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an excellent means of relating soil management, cover, and other erosion control practices to erosion in agricultural areas. The USLE, however, cannot individually be used to estimate sediment yield. A description is presented of a procedure to predict sediment yield from urban construction areas.

Evans, Max L. (US Dep Agric, Soil Conserv Serv); Dynes, Sheldon. Sediment and Erosion Control Measures on Construction Sites. Source: Wisconsin University, College of Engineering, Engineering Experiment Station, Report, 1974, ASAE Pap, Annu Meet, 67th, Stillwater, Jun 23-26 1974 , Winter Meet, Dec 10-13 1974, 6p Publisher: ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich. 1974.

Abstract: Various measures applied in Indiana on construction sites including dam and channel construction to reduce erosion and downstream sedimentation.

Anon. Erosion Control on Highway Construction. Source: National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Synthesis of Highway Practice, n 18, 52p. 1973.

Abstract: Literature review presents information on soil erosion that is available to highway planners, designers, and construction personnel.

Ziegler, A.D. (Univ of Hawai'i, Honolulu, USA); Sutherland, R.A. Influence of rolled erosion control systems on temporal rainsplash response - a laboratory rainfall simulation experiment; Tran, L.T.; Source: Land Degradation & Development, ISSN: 1085-3278. v8, n2, p 139-157, Jun, 1997.

Abstract: Reduction of erosion and sediment-related pollution from urban construction sites or other degraded hillslopes often relies on the initial application of suitable rolled erosion control systems (RECS) before natural vegetation cover can be established. However, research has not clearly explained why some RECS perform better than others, or under what particular conditions one system is more suitable than another. An important link between the application of the most suitable RECS and better product design is process-based studies relating the physical properties of products to the reduction of erosion subprocesses. This study investigates time-varying reduction of rainsplash detachment and transport by 13 commonly used RECS. The results indicate that product differences in the protection they provide against splash processes vary over the duration of a rain event, and that this variation is related to individual product properties, especially surface coverage and thickness. These results should aid in the design of more effective erosion control products and in the selection of the most suitable RECS for particular hillslope applications.

Walling, D.E. (Ed.); (University of Exeter, Department of Geography, Exeter, UK); Probst, J.L. (Ed.). Proceedings of the 1997 5th Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, IAHS. Source: IAHS Publication (International Association of Hydrological Sciences), n 245, 1997, Symp 6: Human Impact on Erosion and Sedimentation, Proceedings of the 1997 5th Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, IAHS, Apr 23-May 3 1997, Rabat, Morocco, 311p Publisher: IAHS Press, Wallingford, Engl, 1997 ISSN: 0144-7815. 1997.

Abstract: The proceedings contains 29 papers from the Rabat Symposium S6 on human impact on erosion and sedimentation. Topics discussed include: soil erosion in vineyards; runoff and erosion on mountainous roads; impact of overgrazing on soil erosion; impact of deforestation in tropical areas; landslides; land use changes; sediment yields and flood protection in desert towns; sedimentation in small dams; impact of reservoir construction on river sedimentation; and impact of soil erosion control measures on runoff

processes.Database: Compendex

Cowherd, Chatten Jr.; Grelinger, Mary Ann. High-wind failure of soil moisture as a wind erosion control. Source: Proceedings of the Air & Waste Management Association's Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 1996, Proceedings of the 1996 Air & Waste Management Association's 89th Annual Meeting & Exhibition, Jun 23-28 1996, Nashville, TN, USA, 96-TP40.04, 16pp Publisher: Air & Waste Management Assoc, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1996.

Abstract: While windblown fugitive dust emissions can be controlled from 'inactive' sources (e.g., vacant land) through application of chemical dust suppressants or through revegetation, it is much more difficult to control windblown emissions from 'active' sites (e.g., construction projects, landfills and hazardous waste remediation sites involving contaminated soils). The objective of the study reported in this paper was to determine at what wind speeds controls for fugitive dust from exposed soils become ineffective. The specific control measure identified for testing was watering of a cover soil stockpile at a landfill prior to transfer of the soil to the active fill area. The Midwest Research Institute portable open-floored wind tunnel was used to measure the high-wind erodibility characteristics of soil surfaces as a function of soil surface moisture content. Testing was performed at a landfill site within the South Coast Air Quality Management District. Varying moisture levels of surface moisture on two test soils were achieved by blending moist soil with dry soil. This blending was accomplished by spreading and mixing loose bulk soils (moist and/or dry) on the test platform, i.e., a flat, compacted portion of the soil pile. A key conclusion from this study was that even moist soils become erodible at higher wind speeds. For example, the erodibility of a moist soil is similar to the erodibility of a dry soil if the moist soil is subjected to a wind speed that is about 15 to 20 mph higher than that impinging on the dry soil. This supports the conclusion that moisture control of wind erosion becomes ineffective at high wind speeds. Apparently, even under high soil moisture conditions, coarse particle entrainment processes result in rapid moisture depletion and collisions that shed fine particles previously bound by moisture films.

Allen, S.R. (TRI/Environmental, Inc, Austin, USA). Evaluation and standardization of rolled erosion control products. Source: Geotextiles and Geomembranes, v14, n3-4, Mar-Apr, 1996, Proceedings of the 1995 9th GRI Conference on Geosynthesis in Infrastructure Enhancement and Remediation, Dec 12-13 1995, Drexel, PA, USA, p 207-221 Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, Engl ISSN: 0266-1144. 1996.

Abstract: The erosion control industry has grown significantly in response to continued infrastructure development and increased awareness of water quality problems. There are currently a wide variety of rolled erosion control products available, representing a broad spectrum of product construction and corresponding applications. While significant improvements in erosion control technology during the past several years have out paced associated standards and research, several important steps are underway to meet critical needs for standardization. This paper outlines the history of advancements in rolled erosion control technology. In addition, a summary is presented of the many efforts currently underway by the Erosion Control Technology Council to establish erosion control industry standards for terminology, index tests and performance criteria.

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